Role of Diet in Diabetes Management: Evidence Synthesis

Bwanbale Geoffrey David

Faculty of Pharmacy Kampala International University Uganda

ABSTRACT

Dietary management plays a central role in the prevention and control of diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes (T2D), which constitutes the majority of global diabetes cases. This evidence synthesis examines the role of diet in diabetes management by integrating findings from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and key clinical trials assessing dietary patterns, nutrient composition, and eating behaviors across diverse populations. The review highlights the physiological mechanisms linking diet to glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and pancreatic β-cell function, emphasizing the influence of carbohydrate quality and quantity, dietary fiber, fatty acid composition, meal timing, and food processing on glycemic outcomes. Evidence consistently supports the benefits of high-fiber, whole-grain, plant-based, and Mediterranean dietary patterns in improving glycemic control and reducing diabetes risk, while diets high in ultra-processed foods and added sugars are associated with adverse metabolic effects. Nutrient-specific considerations, including protein sources, micronutrients, and antioxidants, further modify disease progression, particularly in individuals with comorbid conditions such as renal disease. The synthesis also underscores the importance of dietary adherence, behavioral strategies, and patient-centered care, as well as the need for tailored recommendations for special populations. Despite strong evidence supporting dietary intervention, gaps remain regarding long-term outcomes, comparative effectiveness, and implementation across diverse socio-cultural contexts. Addressing these gaps is essential to optimizing dietary strategies as a cornerstone of diabetes management.

Keywords: Dietary patterns; Type 2 diabetes; Glycemic control; Nutrition therapy; and Evidence synthesis

CITE AS: Bwanbale Geoffrey David (2026). Role of Diet in Diabetes Management: Evidence Synthesis. IDOSR JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCES 12(1): 59-66. https://doi.org/10.59298/IDOSR/JES/06/1215966