Nanovaccines in Cancer Immunoprevention and Immunotherapy: Current Insights and Future Directions

Ssenkayi Julius

Department of Pharmacy Kampala International University Uganda

Email:Julius.ssenkayi@studwc.kiu.ac.ug

ABSTRACT

Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a powerful approach to harness the immune system to combat tumors, while cancer immunoprevention aims to elicit protective immunity before cancer onset. Nanovaccines engineered nanoparticles that deliver tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), adjuvants, and immunomodulators have revolutionized the field by enhancing the stability, targeting, and efficacy of cancer vaccines. This review provides a comprehensive overview of nanovaccine platforms, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, virus-like particles, and inorganic nanocarriers, and their role in reshaping cancer immunoprevention and immunotherapy. We examine how nanovaccines promote dendritic cell maturation, T-cell priming, and tumor infiltration, as well as their capacity to reverse immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Special attention is given to the integration of nanovaccines with immune checkpoint blockade, CAR-T therapy, and neoantigen-based personalized vaccines. Furthermore, we discuss preclinical and clinical studies, regulatory challenges, and potential toxicity concerns. Finally, we outline future directions such as the development of smart and stimuli-responsive nanovaccines, AI-guided vaccine design, and scalable manufacturing processes. Nanovaccines represent a transformative modality that bridges prevention and therapy, offering hope for more precise, durable, and personalized cancer treatments.

Keywords:Cancer immunotherapy,immune system, combat tumors,cancer immunoprevention

CITE AS: Ssenkayi Julius (2025). Nanovaccines in Cancer Immunoprevention and Immunotherapy: Current Insights and Future Directions. IDOSR JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCES 11(2): 39-47. https://doi.org/10.59298/IDOSR/JES/112.3947