Nanoparticle-Enabled Insulin Delivery Systems for Optimizing Glycemic Control in Diabetes Mellitus

Nasira A. Sitar

Department of Pharmacy Kampala International University Uganda

Satar.nasira@studwc.kiu.ac.ug

ABSTRACT

Diabetes mellitus affects over 537 million adults worldwide, with inadequate glycemic control contributing to significant morbidity and mortality despite advances in insulin therapy. Conventional insulin delivery systems faced limitations including frequent injections, poor patient adherence, hypoglycemic episodes, and suboptimal pharmacokinetic profiles that fail to mimic physiological insulin secretion patterns. Nanoparticle enabled insulin delivery systems represented a transformative approach to address these challenges through enhanced bioavailability, controlled release kinetics, and targeted delivery mechanisms. This review synthesized current literature from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases spanning 2012-2025, focusing on peer reviewed studies describing nanoparticle formulations for insulin delivery and their clinical applications. Recent innovations demonstrated significant improvements in glycemic control, with polymeric nanoparticles achieving sustained insulin release for 12-72 hours and oral delivery systems showing bioavailability improvements of 3-15-fold compared to conventional formulations. Lipid based nanocarriers, chitosan nanoparticles, and stimuli responsive systems exhibited promising pharmacokinetic profiles with reduced injection frequency and enhanced patient compliance. Current limitations include manufacturing scalability, regulatory approval pathways, and long-term safety assessment requirements. Nanoparticle insulin delivery systems offered substantial potential for revolutionizing diabetes management through improved therapeutic efficacy, patient compliance, and quality of life outcomes. The integration of glucose responsive nanosystems with continuous glucose monitoring represents the most promising pathway toward achieving physiological glucose homeostasis in diabetic patients.

Keywords: Nanoparticle insulin delivery, Glycemic control, Diabetes mellitus, Oral insulin, Stimuli responsive systems.

CITE AS: Nasira A. Sitar (2025). Nanoparticle-Enabled Insulin Delivery Systems for Optimizing Glycemic Control in Diabetes Mellitus. IDOSR JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCES 11(2):5-11. https://doi.org/10.59298/IDOSR/JES/112.511