Microbiome and Vaccine Response: Evidence Synthesis

Nantulya morris Francis

Department of Clinical pharm and pharmaceutics Kampala International University Uganda

Email: Francis.nantulya@studwc.kiu.ac.ug

ABSTRACT

The human microbiome, particularly the gut microbiota, plays a central role in shaping immune development, homeostasis, and function. Increasing evidence suggests that inter-individual variation in microbial composition and diversity may influence vaccine responses, potentially accounting for disparities in immunogenicity across populations and age groups. Animal models have demonstrated that microbial molecules act as natural adjuvants, modulating innate and adaptive immune pathways critical for effective immunization. Human clinical and observational studies, though heterogeneous and often inconclusive, indicate associations between microbiome composition, vaccine-induced antibody responses, and adverse effects. Specific vaccines including influenza, COVID-19, and pediatric immunizations have shown variable outcomes linked to gut microbial diversity, metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, and immunomodulatory taxa. Interventions with probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary strategies have yielded mixed results but remain promising approaches for enhancing vaccine efficacy. Methodological challenges, population variability, and ethical considerations complicate the translation of microbiome research into actionable vaccination strategies. Future directions emphasize longitudinal, multi-omics studies, systems vaccinology, and personalized approaches integrating microbiome profiling into vaccine development and policy. A deeper understanding of microbiota–immune interactions holds the potential to optimize immunization outcomes and strengthen public health programs globally.

Keywords: Microbiome, Vaccine Response, Immunogenicity, Gut Microbiota, Probiotics and Immunity.

CITE AS: Nantulya morris Francis (2025). Microbiome and Vaccine Response: Evidence Synthesis. IDOSR JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCIENCES 10(3):72-80. https://doi.org/10.59298/IDOSRJAS/2025/103.7280