Toxicological Perspectives on Herbal and Nutraceutical Antioxidants in Diabetes Management: Benefits, Risks, and Hepatotoxicity Profiles

Nambi Namusisi H.

School of Natural and Applied Sciences Kampala International University Uganda

ABSTRACT

Herbal and nutraceutical antioxidants are widely used as complementary therapies in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to mitigate oxidative stress, improve glycaemic control, and prevent complications. Numerous plant‑ derived compounds-including polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and organosulfur molecules-have demonstrated antioxidant, anti‑ inflammatory, and insulin-sensitizing effects in preclinical and clinical studies. However, despite their perceived safety, emerging evidence highlights a “double‑ edged sword” nature: under certain conditions, these agents may exert pro‑ oxidant effects, interact adversely with other drugs, or induce liver injury. This review synthesizes the current mechanistic, toxicological, and clinical data on herbal and nutraceutical antioxidants in diabetes, focusing particularly on hepatotoxicity risks. We examine key antioxidants (resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, α‑ lipoic acid, milk thistle, and anthraquinones such as chrysophanol), their beneficial metabolic actions, and the pathways by which they could damage the liver. We also discuss regulatory challenges, dose-dependent toxicity, and risk mitigation strategies. By offering a balanced and evidence-based assessment, this review underscores the importance of caution, quality control, and personalized use of antioxidant supplements in diabetic patients.

Keywords: herbal antioxidants, nutraceuticals, diabetes, hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress

 

CITE AS: Nambi Namusisi H. (2026). Toxicological Perspectives on Herbal and Nutraceutical Antioxidants in Diabetes

Management: Benefits, Risks, and Hepatotoxicity Profiles.

IDOSR JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 12(1):72-77. https://doi.org/10.59298/IDOSR/JST/26/113.7277