Narrative Review of Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemicals

Namirimu Sandrah

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Kampala International University Uganda

Email: sandrahnamirimu@studwc.kiu.ac.ug

ABSTRACT

Phytochemicals are naturally occurring plant-derived compounds that play significant roles in modulating inflammatory processes through diverse cellular and molecular mechanisms. Chronic inflammation contributes to the development of diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer. Major classes of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals, including flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acids, exert their activity by regulating transcription factors (NF-κB, STAT, MAPK), enzymes (COX-2, iNOS, LOX), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). Evidence from preclinical, animal, and human studies highlights the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals in reducing inflammation and restoring homeostasis. Fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices are abundant dietary sources, while advanced formulations such as nanoparticles and liposomes are improving their solubility and bioavailability. Although promising, challenges remain regarding optimal dosage, safety, drug interactions, and regulatory oversight. Future research should emphasize clinical trials, novel delivery systems, and emerging phytochemicals with enhanced therapeutic profiles to support their integration into conventional and complementary medicine.

Keywords: Anti-inflammatory phytochemicals, Flavonoids, Molecular targets, Bioavailability, and Chronic inflammation.